physiological function dream theory
This is specially true as to bees, that at night do interrupt their hum, "even if they are exposed to the light of a lantern". Brain Res 1990;517:224-8. 109. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. Sleep research: pictures from the early years. Erlbaum, 1992. With developments in understanding of the neurophysiology of REM sleep, new 62. Consciousness in waking and dreaming: the roles of neuronal oscillation and neuromodulation in determining similarities and differences. Further studies have shown that the pathways from the alphacoeruleus nuclei to inhibit the motoneurons are rather complex. For instance, zif-268 has been shown to induce the expression of a synapse-specific protein, synapsin II (101), and has been linked to the induction of hippocampal long-term potentiation (102,103) and other plasticity phenomena. Geniculate spike activity in primate sleep and wakefulness. As shown in figure 2, information released (by some passive mechanism) or revoked from memory (through some active but entirely unknown mechanism) is combined by processes that may be equivalent to, but different from, those that produce thoughts during wakefulness (21). In 1896 Weed & Halam (4) published the first quantification of dreams content. Moruzzi G. The sleep-wakefulness cycle. They also argue that even "expensive and cumbersome evoked potential and computer averaging approaches have not helped us to analyze and compare desynchronized sleep physiology with that of waking in an effective way". In normal humans they found that around 20% of the dreams contain a vestibular component (vertigo, sensation of head drop) but in people with a vestibular illness the proportion of such dreams increased to over 70%, as expected from the close relationship between dreams and the events occurring in the previous day (39). The subjects of dreams are broad-ranging and complex, incorporating self-image, fears, insecurities, strengths, grandiose ideas, sexual orientation, desire, jealousy and love". Krueger JM, Obl F. A neuronal group theory of sleep function. WebIn a nutshell, the theory states that the biological function of dreaming is to stimulate threatening events in order to rehearse the perception of threats and how to go about In rats bilateral lesion of the midbrain reticular formation is followed by a long lasting state of synchronized sleep, with predominance of phase III (Timo-Iaria, Assumpo & Bernardi, unpublished observations). Behav Brain Res 1995;69:203-6. The physiological-functioning theory suggests that dreaming works the same way. According to Hobson, Pace-Schotter & Stickgold (2000), since image studies show activation of "limbic" and "paralimbic" structures of the forebrain during desynchronized sleep, as compared to wakefulness (120,126-128), emotion may be a primary shaper of dream plots, rather than playing a secondary role plot instigation. When the rat moves the head, for example (which may indicate a vestibular dream), heart rate goes up and may be as high as 330 bpm, similar to that occurring during attentive behavior. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! In humans, both reflex activities are also deeply inhibited during desynchronized sleep. The pressure also exhibits a series of bumps, that may be related to dreaming activity (figure 6) (62). WebDream theories developed by Freud suggest that dreams are psychological, revealing hidden urges, for example. Accessibility Miyauchi S, Takino R, Fukuda H, Torii S. Electrophysiological evidence for dreaming. 1. Arch Gen Psychiat 1966;14:238-48. Sigmund Freuds theory of dreams suggests that dreams represent unconscious desires, thoughts, wish fulfillment, and motivations. Hansotia P, Broste S, Ruggles K, Wall R, Friske M. Eye movement patterns in REM sleep. Considering dreams as hallucinations, Hernndez-Pen (1966) theorized that they are possible because the system responsible for wakefulness is inactivated during sleep, releasing memory tracings which are brought to consciousness. 4 According to Freud, Some authors have not been able to find changes in heart rate and respiration during desynchronized sleep (61) but there are striking demonstrations that blood pressure is reduced (figure 6), attaining values as low as 60 mmHg of systolic pressure; heart rate is also reduced and ventilation decreases (38,62). As a prevailing concept even today, dreams were considered premonitory, messages from the dead and mystical warnings. Hernndez-Pen R, Ibarra GC, Morgane PJ, Timo-Iaria C. Limbic cholinergic pathways involved in sleep and emotional behavior. Behav Brain Sci 2000;23:877-901. Would you like email updates of new search results? In fact, all the phases of wakefulness and sleep, including desynchronized sleep, occur in the cerebellar cortex. The dream between neuroscience and psychoanalysis. 101. It is well known that during desynchronized sleep the pupil undergoes an increase in diameter (midriasis), which is not produced by direct sympathetic activation but rather to parasympathetic inactivation, that overcomes the tonic pupillary constrictor activity of the parasympathetic system during synchronized sleep. This theory is supported by the fact that the body has decreased metabolism by up to 10% during sleep. In cats, cortical electro-oscillograms are also desynchronized but in the hippocampus theta waves (that will be later described) predominate. A dream is a conscious experience that occurs during sleep. Induction of rapid eye movement sleep by carbachol infusion into the pontine reticular formation of the rat. Some scientists take the position that dreaming probably has no function. The Williams & Wilkins Company, Baltimore, 1967;45:352-423. Valle AC. Jouvet M, Michel F, Courjon J. Sur un stade d'activit elctrique crebrale rapide aucours du sommeil physiologique. 88. (1987) suggested the occurrence of two kinds of eye movements during dreams, one associated to the very dream content, another of reflex nature, that may be involved in those occurring in children and in blind people but such a hypothesis is unlikely to be valid (35). Science 1978;201:269-72. Around 80 per cent of such motor activity was found to occur during desynchronized sleep, what points to its participation in dreaming activity. Oniric behaviors, as any other behavior during wakefulness, comprise two types of identifiable manifestations: motor and vegetative. 16. Jouvet (12,119), one of the most important researchers on sleep, suggests that dreaming is "a guardian and programmer of the hereditary part of our personality" and as such it plays a role in our general behavior. Sleep and dreaming: induction and mediation of REM sleep by cholinergic mechanisms. Hobson JA. There are other definitions of the word dream, too. 132. University of Chicago Press, Chicago 1963. Sleeping and Waking. Our hypothesis is that the cerebellum is involved in overall corrections of the components of all kinds of behavior, including sleep. Springer Verlag, Frankfurt 1953. Such a configuration is subsequently compared to memorized patterns and then, and only then, it can be identified by means of the conscious process. Roberts LA, Higgins MJ, O'Shaughnessy CT, Stone TW, Morris BJ. Recently a more acceptable evidence in favor of the consolidation hypothesis arises from the study of a gene involved in neuronal activation This gene protein, zif-268 (98), binds to a specific DNA molecule present in the promoters of a variety of genes expressed in the nervous system (99) and its up-regulation is thought to initiate a program of gene regulation leading to neuronal plasticity (100). Ribeiro S, Goyal V, Mello CV, Pavlides C. Brain gene expression during REM sleep depends on prior waking experience. (1997) found during desynchronized sleep a consistent activation of the pons, midbrain, anterior hypothalamus, caudate and medial prefrontal, caudal orbital, anterior cingulate, parahippocampal and inferior temporal cortices (126). Brain Mechanism and Perceptual Awareness. Dreaming 1996;6:121-30. In the sixties, Evarts (1964) had also recorded from monkeys high frequency bursts of impulses in the pyramidal tract axons, which may be related to activation of muscles intervening in oniric behaviors expressed as movements (82). However, reflex penile erection is facilitated after spinal transection whereas mesencephalic transections significantly increase the latency to its reflex induction, without affecting the percentage of tests eliciting an erectile event. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). This seems to be a highly improbably conception, among other reasons because, as dreaming is concerned, threatening events are as dangerous to the organism as bad news we hear and as crossing a street or watching a movie-film full of violence are as well. Further developments in neurobiological research, including lesion and brain imaging studies, have established a clearer view of the functional neuroanatomy of REM sleep and dreaming. Exptl Neurol 1963;8:93-111. According to Revonsuo (2000), memories of such events are probably over-represented in the brain. We spend a lot of time sleeping. Eye movements in born-blinds are probably due to a quite different reason. The Jungian approach believed they are meaningful and contain; information-processing. Electroencephal Clin Neurophysiol 1987;66:383-90. Behav Brain Sci 2000;23:1008-9. Neurons from the nucleus reticularis pontis oralis send fibers to nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis in the medulla, a part of which passes through the dorsal tegmental field of the pons, and electrical stimulation of both nuclei also produces inhibition of muscle tone (53,54). 42. "Dreams are not ghosts (phantasmata), since they are closely related to the events of the previous day". 93. In: Baust, W. Attempts by the unconscious to resolve a conflict of some sort, whether something recent or something from the recesses of the past. Socrates, Plato, Aristotle and Xenophanes, nearly 2,400 years ago, were opposed to the prevailing view of the phantastikon, that is, mystic apparitions, and to the premonitory character of dreams as their main characteristics. When a dream has a verbal content the tongue, lips and other facial muscles do contract and if the dream is deambulatory several lower limb muscles do contract, expressing the behavior triggered by the imagined walking. Time course of foslike immunoreactivity associated with cholinergically induced REM sleep. & Bertini, M. Sleep Res 1973;4:65. Perspective of Motor Behavior and its Neural Basis. Green JD, Arduini A. Hippocampal activity in arousal. Life Science 1989;45:1349-56. Sleep 1982;5:169-87. World Fed Sleep Res Soc Newsletter 1997;5:22-3. Nature 1996;383:163-6. Table 1 shows the results of some of such studies, including our data concerning nearly 2,000 dreaming episodes recorded from rats. Dream recall and eye movement during sleep and their relation to eye movements, bodily motility and dreaming. Its is noteworthy that Weed & Halam's data, published in 1896, are close to those reported by Rechtschaffen & Buchignani in 1992, which was calculated as the mean of the average of seven different studies published by other authors (40). Timo-Iaria C, yamashita R, Hoshino K, Sousa-Melo A. C R Soc Biol (Paris) 1938;128:533-9. During the past two decades several authors also did quantify the kinds of dreams. News Physiol Sci 1998;13:91-7. Another fancy hypothesis is the one that proposes that we dream to forget, in order to delete "unwanted" information by reverse learning or unlearning (118). In: Antrobus, J.S. & Ajmone-Marsan, C. 2011 Dec;20(4):998-1008. doi: 10.1016/j.concog.2010.10.005. Jouvet M. Programmation gntique itrative et sommeil paradoxal. 43. Desynchronization is the rule, during this phase, in all cortical electro-oscillograms in humans and other primates. Am J Physiol 1937;118:8-14. WebPsychoanalytic theory of dream: Advanced by Freud, the psychoanalytic theory of dream stands as the most valid and fundamental among all the theories of dream. Kleitman N. Sleep and Wakefulness. Moruzzi G. Action inhibitrice du palocervelet sur les reflexes circulatoires et respiratoires d'origine sino-carotidinne. Consequently, Foulkes concludes that they do not dream but this conclusion is probably incorrect, inasmuch as at this age children have a highly limited narrating capacity and their poor reports about dreams are certainly linked to such a limitation, not their absence. 36. Metabolism during desynchronized sleep tends, in fact, to be equal to or even larger than that of waking (131,132). Decety J, Jeannerod M, Durozard DR, Baveal J. Such high values of r may mean that theta waves arrive in such areas almost synchronously, coming from some other sites in the central nervous system. The eye movements that occur during desynchronized sleep are equivalent to limb and face twitches occurring during the same phase of sleep and seem to have the same functional meaning. Our data with rats are quite consistent as to the variation of blood pressure and heart rate during oniric activity. 84. Brainstem control of the events of REM sleep. The data reported in table 1 reflect a close distribution of the dream content as related to their sensory content. By lesioning the alphacoeruleus nuclei such an inhibitory effect is prevented and during oniric activity the movements generated by the dream itself can be expressed, as was clearly demonstrated in Jouvet's Laboratory (50,51) in cats; the animal suddenly gets up, walks, miews and strikes with the paws, as if the animal were awake. An important contemporary of these authors, Charles Darwin, in his landmarking book Emotions in Man and Animals, published in 1872 and reedited several times in the twentieth century (6), states that "at least birds and mammals do dream", a concept that still remains unchallenged, despite which most researchers that carry out studies on sleep still hold that dreaming is specifically human. Foulkes D. Children's dreams. J Sleep Res 1993;2:188-92. One is that dreams are generated by the activation of neural activity in the brainstem and its signal transmission to the cortex. Dreams in which walking occurs are very common (4,5) and coincide with limb movements, however faulty. Sakai K, Sastre JP, Kanamori N, Jouvet M. State-specific neurons in the ponto-medullary reticular formation with special reference to the postural atonia during paradoxical sleep in the cat. From the spinal cord Marini (1997) recorded slow (delta) regularly oscillating waves during desynchronized sleep (81), which may be related to activation of spinal neurons during dreaming. Esoteric power, useless, useful: considerations about dreams in cognitive-behavioural therapy. We hypothetize that theta waves are commanding signals that recruit in due sequence the circuits that generate wakefulness and desynchronized sleep and their components; their frequency and voltage generally increase in parallel with heart rate and intensity of movements (Valle & Timo-Iaria, unpublished results). Gadea-Ciria M. Plasticity of ponto-geniculo-occipital waves during paradoxical sleep after frontal lobe lesions in the cat. Valle AC, Timo-Iaria C, Sameshima K, yamashita R. Theta waves and behavioral manifestations of alertness and dreaming activity in the rat. V, Mello CV, Pavlides C. Brain gene expression during REM sleep some of such activity! 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