covid cases in states with mask mandates vs without

When the outbreak slammed the New York City area in March and April, leaders locked down. If this hasnt persuaded you to take off your mask, you can find lots more reasons in a book by Ian Miller, the data analyst who created the graph for City Journal. Should You Wear a Mask at Outdoor Events? Its been largely delegated to a subnational level, to the states, for example, and municipalities to figure it out themselves.. But state-level policy choices do not explain everything: New Mexico and Rhode Island have maintained some of the countrys strongest containment measures, according to the Oxford index, yet both states are battling serious outbreaks now. Yes We used state-level data on mask wearing policy for the general public and on proportion of residents who stated they always wear masks in public. Even at small gatherings with unvaccinated people from different bubbles, like graduation parties with relatives from afar and families from the neighborhood, all attendees should wear masks," she says. PLOS ONE promises fair, rigorous peer review, Even as more and more states encourage or even mandate mask wearing, many citizens sti "We do not find evidence that mandating mask-wearing reduces transmission," the authors reported. 2.18.2022 4:30 PM. Our website is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. PLoS ONE 16(4): Prior to adopting mask mandates, those municipalities that eventually adopted mandates had higher transmission rates than the rest of the state, with the mean case rate difference per 100,000 people increasing by 0.32 cases per day (slope of difference = 0.32; 95% CI 0.13 to 0.51). States with mask mandates saw higher mask adherence. Investigation, John Bel Edwards emergency order will . States That Imposed Few Restrictions Now Have the Worst Outbreaks. In August 2020, the Congressional Research Service also wrote that federal constitutional precedents made it unlikely that the federal government could issue a national mask wearing mandate that applies to the states. The pandemic planners at the United Kingdoms Department of Health had reached a similar conclusion: In line with the scientific evidence, the Government will not stockpile facemasks for general use in the community. Anthony Fauci acknowledged this evidence early in the pandemic, both in his public comments (Theres no reason to be walking around with masks, he told 60 Minutes) and in his private emails (I do not recommend you wear a mask, he told a colleague, explaining that masks were too porous to block the small Covid virus). Public health policy-making requires navigating the balance of public good and individual rights [10]. Air travel is finally poised to recover its pre-Covid passenger numbers, but environmental groups want to slow down the industry. Thailand, Japan, Taiwan, Hong Kong, the Philippines, Uruguay, Chile, Poland, and Hungary were all hailed as models of scientific enlightenment for their low infection rates and strict mask policiesuntil, as usual, the masks suddenly lost their magical power. Thats what this study was pursuing to try to answer,"said Michael Bisesi, vice dean and interim chair of environmental health sciences in Ohio State University's College of Public Health. If youve been vaccinated and still feel mortally threatened by the virus, please read this. Effectiveness of Mask Wearing to Control Community Spread of SARS-CoV-2. Mean COVID-19 rates for states with at least 75% mask adherence in the preceding month was 109.26 per 100,000 compared to 249.99 per 100,000 for those with less adherence. Based on CDC at-risk guidelines for COVID-19 [20], we considered non-Hispanic Black, Hispanic, age, and population density as potential confounders. Logistic regression models were used to estimate the odds ratio and 95% confidence intervals for high case rates in the subsequent month associated with average mask adherence (as a continuous variable). New Zealand recently lifted all restrictions following 10 days with no new cases. Contributed equally to this work with: Although Hawaiis governor did not issue a mask wearing policy until after October 2020, we considered that state to have a policy because mayors of the four populous counties had mandated mask wearing earlier in the pandemic. Individuals mask wearing behaviors are not only influenced by recommendations and mandates issued by state leaders, but also by print, televised, and social media [9]. The Power of Bad: How the Negativity Effect Rules Us and How We Can Rule It. Formal analysis, Petrie came to the same conclusion as Bisesiafter reading the study, saying the results were statistically significant. Miller, who has tracked pandemic trends for the Brownstone Institute, has assembled the damning evidence in Unmasked: The Global Failure of COVID Mask Mandates. 2023 Manhattan Institute for Policy Research, Inc. All rights reserved. Weak recent containment measures and many cases. Study: States With Mask Mandates Saw Fewer Summertime COVID Cases. When Can I Dine Indoors Again After Being Fully Vaccinated? Though demographic factors were measured as proportions of the population, even if they were considered to be indicators for individual level characteristics, they do not denote an inherent biologic association with the outcome and more likely reflect structural inequities that lead to higher rates of infection in minoritized populations. States and cities are reinstating restrictions and implementing new ones: In recent days, the governors of Iowa, North Dakota and Utah imposed mask mandates for the first time since the outbreak began. Vaccinated persons can carry and spread the virus.". For demographic data, we dichotomized population proportions at whole values that approximated the highest quartile of the distributions. The strongest association was for mask adherence in September; for every 1% increase in average adherence, the odds of a high COVID-19 case rate decreased by 26%. You cansubscribe to our print edition, ad-free app or electronic newspaper replica here. After briefly ramping up restrictions closing bars, restaurants, gyms, theaters and schools in March, when most other states did, Gov. Methodology, Some reopened quickly and saw cases rise. Brooks JT & Butler JC. Eleven states never mandated masks, while the other 39 states enforced mandates. 3.1.2023 2:50 PM, David McGarry Visualization, More state leaders acted to strike down mask mandates on Thursday, citing a decline in COVID-19 cases and hospitalizations. + Caption. Even as more and more states encourage or even mandate mask wearing, many citizens still resist the notion. For mask adherence levels, we utilized the Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) COVID-19 Projections online database [15], which holds data collected by Facebook Global in partnership with the University of Maryland Social Data Science Center [16]. After the pandemic, a survey of gains and losses. The cumulative rate of infection over the course of the pandemic was about 24 percent in the mandate states as well as in the non-mandate states. For every 1% increase in average adherence in June, the fully adjusted odds ratios for high COVID-19 in July was 0.95, indicating a protective effect against high COVID-19 rates. Eleanor J. Murray and Jennifer Weuve and the Boston University School of Public Health Epidemiology COVID-19 Response Corps for bringing together students and faculty for this project. | Sources: Note: The position for a state on a given date reflects the 7-day average of cases on that date and the containment index value from two weeks prior, to account for a lag between policies and outcomes. "Lifting of mask mandates across the board without consideration of the caveats does open the opportunity for another wave," Werler says. The information in this article is current as of the date listed, which means newer information may be available when you read this. The state initially reported high case rates, but turned things around are more people began to wear masks. Jacob Sullum (Andy Wong) HONG KONG (AP) Hong Kong will lift its mask mandate on Wednesday, ending the city's last major restriction imposed during the . A quarterly magazine of urban affairs, published by the Manhattan Institute, edited by Brian C. Anderson. Former Arizona AG Found No Evidence of 2020 Election Fraud. Adherence to public policy is influenced by a complex interplay of factors such as public opinion, cultural practices, individual perceptions and behaviors [11], which are difficult to quantify. Covering up may give the maskaholics a false sense of securitybut they could breathe more easily if theyd just face the facts. "Their perspective on the study and results to me are contrary to what was stated in the actual study itself," Bisesi said. Specifically, we created the following categories: >15% non-Hispanic Black, >15% Hispanic, median age >40 years, and population density >200 people per square mile, which corresponded to 74.5%, 78.4%, 82.4%, and 78.4% of the distributions, respectively. The masks in Germany obviously didnt beat Covid. From the start of the pandemic through this spring, the cumulative rate of Covid mortality has been slightly higher in Sweden than in Germany (by about 15 percent), but the rate of overall excess mortality has been slightly higher in Germany (by about 8 percent). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0249891.t003. Of course, many other factors are could be at play, like the possibility of cooler weather driving non-adherent persons to indoor gatherings. The wave of new restrictions in the United States follows national and regional lockdowns in Europe, where outbreaks surged past their spring peaks but cases per capita remained lower than many Upper Midwest states. Outbreaks are comparatively smaller in states where efforts to contain the virus were stronger over the summer and fall potential good news for leaders taking action now. "Nearly a year after California Gov. At its highest level of containment efforts, New York state scored an 80 on the index. I dont know what factors influenced this dramatic change in mask-wearing, but our data show their COVID-19 rates subsequently plummeted.. On November 8, Utah implemented a mask mandate, as new daily Covid-19 cases continue to rise in the state and across the country. For all 50 states and the District of Columbia (DC), these data were abstracted by month for April September 2020 to measure their impact on COVID-19 rates in the subsequent month (May October 2020). One of the biggest problems in the United States so far has been the lack of a coherent, cohesive national response, said Wafaa El-Sadr, an epidemiologist at Columbia University. We recommend renewed efforts be employed to improve adherence to mask wearing. Our study was also limited by the lack of information on accessibility of COVID-19 testing; if less accessible testing is associated with less mask adherence, the associations we report here may be under-estimates. Mean COVID-19 rates for states with 75% mask adherence in the preceding month was 109.26 per 100,000 compared to 249.99 per 100,000 for those with less adherence. Mast mandates may be back on the table for states where the number of COVID cases are once again causing serious alarm for health officials. Over the course of the pandemic, both Iowa and Florida have done better than the national average in measures of Covid mortality as well as overall excess mortality (the number of deaths more than normal from all causes). Ashish Jha, dean of Brown University's School of Public Health, notes that the graph for California, which required masks in indoor public settings beginning on December 15, is "strikingly similar" to the graph for Florida, which had no mask mandates. The study referenced in the One America News Network report says the opposite, noting that mask mandates were linked to statistically significant decreases in COVID-19 case within 20 days of implementation. When Can I Go Out in Public Again After Being Fully Vaccinated? For all 50 states and D.C., data on mask wearing and physical distance policies, mask adherence, COVID-19 cases, and demographics were abstracted from publicly available sources. In contrast, allowing on . The same basic pattern was seen in nearly every state. Texas locked down in the spring, when it had relatively few cases, then reopened quickly. All reviews and studies included in this document report on data collected in a time period prior 2021. Because high COVID rates were reported by only eight states in May and four states in June, we did not examine mask adherence or policy in the preceding April or May. The strongest real-world evidence in favor of general masking comes from a randomized trial in Bangladesh, which found that the use of surgical masks reduced symptomatic infections by 11 percent. That's not nothing, but it's a pretty modest effect, and it was achieved with surgical masks worn by adults in conditions that encouraged proper and consistent use. Traveling This Summer? New York. Mask adherence was classified as low if in the lowest quartile and as high if in the highest quartile. Despite an early outbreak, South Korea flattened the curve with aggressive testing and contact tracing, as well as widespread mask wearing. For mask adherence, the cut-off values for the low and high quartiles were 31% and 46% in June, 53% and 72% in July, 55% and 71% in August, and 55% and 68% in September. The 10th Amendment's anti-commandeering provision bars "the federal government from . The estimated absolute change in cumulative case rate associated with lifting the mask mandate, remains 28.1 (30.6%) 21 days after lifting the mask mandate. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); NEXT: The FBI Seized Almost $1 Million From This Familyand Never Charged Them With a Crime. Discover a faster, simpler path to publishing in a high-quality journal. May 16, 2021 / 7:07 AM / CBS News. Writing original draft. When we looked at states with 75% mask adherence (Arizona, Connecticut, Hawaii, Massachusetts, Michigan, New York, Rhode Island, Vermont), we found none had experienced a high COVID-19 rate in the subsequent month. But the researchers found no clear relationship between mask mandates and mask use. Meantime, the medias favorite experts kept predicting doom for states that never mandated masks, like Florida, or that ended the mandates early in 2021, like Iowa, whose policy shift was denounced as reckless and delusional in a Washington Post article headlined, Welcome to Iowa, a state that doesnt care if you live or die. Iowas Covid death toll plummeted right after the article appeared. Cases were higher in the non-mandate states last summer, when the seasonal surge in the South disproportionately hit Republican states without mandates, but those states went on to have fewer cases during the winter, when the seasonal surge in the North hit more Democratic states with mandates. The authors found that the growth rate of new coronavirus cases and deaths dropped after mask mandates were put in place. Our analyses took into consideration the delayed effect of mask wearing and policies on COVID-19 health outcomes. Mask mandates are associated with reductions in COVID-19 case and hospitalization growth rates (6,7), whereas reopening on-premises dining at restaurants, a known risk factor associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection (2), is associated with increased COVID-19 cases and deaths, particularly in the absence of mask mandates (8). Subscribe to Reason Roundup, a wrap up of the last 24 hours of news, delivered fresh each morning. Of the 15 states with no mask policy from April through September, 14 reported high COVID-19 rates in at least one month from May to October. Even if masking works, that does not necessarily mean mandates do. Herring dismissed those results, claiming unnamed experts told the news network that the reductions in spread the study found were not significant. 2023 Dotdash Media, Inc. All rights reserved, Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Jha thinks vaccination rates areanother important factor: While "only 59% of eligible Florida seniors have gotten boosted," he notes, the rate for California is 70 percent. Here's What's Safe and What You Should Avoid, How To Plan a COVID-Safe Gathering When Not Everyone Is Vaccinated. "Its that simple.. Eric Boehm These results were suggestive of an effect with a permutation-based P -value of 0.094. No, Is the Subject Area "Public and occupational health" applicable to this article? The list of states with high COVID-19 rates by month shows the initial wave in northeastern states in May, followed by a wave in southern states, and then spreading across the U.S. over the next four months (Table 2). We calculated the number of new cases in each month, for each state and D.C. Rates were the number of new cases divided by the population in 2019. Start the day smarter Notable deaths in 2023 The world's largest war . Accessibility | But the surge is worst now in places where leaders neglected to keep up forceful virus containment efforts or failed to implement. Coronavirus: How R-0 can be used to fight COVID-19. For now, relaxing some mask guidelines while staying vigilant is the government's compromise. Virginia. Across the country, indoor mask requirements in blue states are falling like dominoes as COVID cases drop. We thank Dr. Julia Raifman Boston University School of Public Health for developing, maintaining, and providing open access to the COVID-19 US State Policy Database. Mr. Hale said the Oxford data makes it clear that acting quickly and forcefully is the best shot governments have to combat the virus. So could age demographics: The median age of Florida's population is 42.5, compared to 37 in California. Even Greenpeace now admits the obvious: recycling doesnt work. The claim that a CDC study found face masks to have a negligible effect on the spread of COVID-19 is FALSE. 3.1.2023 9:30 AM, Damon Root Copyright: 2021 Fischer et al. "Large indoor gatherings without masking among a mix of vaccinated and unvaccinated persons is a recipe for trouble.". Vermont. Nedghie Adrien, Roles The three COVID-19 vaccines authorized by the FDA are also helping slow COVID-19 rates, allowing for the easing of restrictions. When the state faced a surge of cases over the summer, the governor closed bars and placed limits on restaurant capacity. We examined the impact of state-based mask wearing policy and adherence on COVID-19 case rates during the summer and early fall of 2020 in order to quantify this effect. As you can see from the lines similar trajectories, the mask mandates hardly controlled the virus. Another consideration is that access to COVID-19 testing appears to vary from state to state [21]. Just as in the United States, the mask mandates in Germany produced no net benefits but plenty of inconvenience as well as outright harm. High school students in Seattle staged a protest demanding that a mask mandate be reinstated, and psychologists now deal with the anxieties of children who dont want their classmates to see their faces. After reopening early, some Sun Belt states, including Arizona and Texas, imposed restrictions again after case counts climbed. "Arizona surprised me because they went from having the second-lowest mask adherence in May and June [less than 22%] to the highest level in July and August [greater than 80%]. Yes Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States of America, Roles Swedens initial Covid surge was blamed on those lax policies, but Sweden stuck to them and actually discouraged masks in most situations. Data on population distributions from the COVID-19 US State Policy Database [13] came from the US Census. In conclusion, we show that mask wearing adherence, regardless of mask wearing policy, may curb the spread of COVID-19 infections. Given the situation during the omicron surge, there are additional reasons to doubt that mask mandates, even with perfect compliance, had much of an impact. Ron DeSantis issued an executive order May 3, 2021. that barred local governments and school systems from imposing COVID-19 restrictions, including mask rules. Nevertheless, it is possible that average mask adherence in a given month does not capture the most effective time period that influences COVID-19 rates. If this is true, we would expect associations between mask adherence and high COVID-19 rates to be even stronger. But the "reference period" is defined by the report as the 20 days before mask mandates started. Because stay-at-home order, mask wearing policy, mask adherence, and COVID-19 rates can vary from month to month, we listed those states with consistent classifications across the period April through September (or May through October for COVID-19 rates). Explaining the justification for lifting mask requirements, governors and public health agencies generally have cited the precipitous decline in daily new cases since mid-January. The requirement is expected to be lifted on March 1. The claim that a CDC study found face masks to have a negligible effect on the spread of COVID-19 is FALSE. Among states and D.C. with no mask wearing policy, 50 to 73% had high COVID-19 rates in the subsequent month. Policy data on physical distancing were dichotomized as any versus no stay-at-home order during the April 1 to October 31, 2020 interval. And in the Germancity of Jena, first in the country to implement public mask wearing last April, masks led to a 75% decrease in new COVID-19 cases in little under three weeks, one December study found. The mandate will still require masks where . Theyre not looking at masks in and of themselves," Josh Petrie, research professor in the University of Michigan's School of Public Health, told USA TODAY. At the beginning of November, most states were scoring in the 40s and 50s. But there are still settings where wearing your mask is crucial. Even as more and more states encourage mask wearing [7], many citizens still resist the notion [8]. Conceptualization, Click through the PLOS taxonomy to find articles in your field. Only eight states reported that 75% or more people wore masks between June and September, leading to fewer COVID cases: States with a 75% minimum mask adherence reported about 109.26 COVID-19 cases per 100,000 residents compared to the average of 249.99 per 100,000 residents in states with low mask adherence. Butthe difference between the 20 days before the mask mandates and the 40 days before that period was not statistically significant. 3.1.2023 9:15 AM, Joe Lancaster I just dont know based on reading the OAN summary how they came to the same conclusions because the CDC conclusions were favorable.. It is worth noting that no states achieved this level of mask adherence in September, which might account in part for the spike in COVID-19 rates in October. Again and again, journalists and public-health officials would single out a state or a nation that had supposedly tamed Covid by forcing citizens to wear masksand then these masks would promptly fail to prevent an unprecedented wave of infections. The United States, as of Friday, posted a seven-day moving average of 62,555 new COVID-19 cases reported daily, according to data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.The last time . | Without strong national guidance, states containment policies have varied widely. It also examined the link between allowing on-site restaurant dining and the number of coronavirus cases and deaths. The pandemic has eased, but not the compulsion of many Americans to cover their faces. To reduce the rate of COVID-19 cases nationwide, Werler says people need to wear their masks. Odds ratios indicating protection against high COVID-19 rates remained for all months and policy subgroups, ranging from 0.82 to 0.93 for states with any policy and from 0.60 to 0.95 for states with no policy. I think timing really matters for the decisions.. If youre still not convinced to take off the mask, consider one more graph from Miller. Visualization, The proportions of states and D.C. with high COVID-19 rates were greatest for those with no mask wearing policy for the general public in the preceding month (Fig 2). Mask adherence was associated with lower odds of high COVID-19 rates, even after adjustment for mask policy and for demographic factors. Many states in the Upper Midwest and Mountain West resisted more stringent control measures, like limits on gatherings and mask mandates. If you compare California to Texas, another populous state that had no mask mandates, the case trends are also very similar, although the increase was steeper in California, where the seven-day average peaked a few days earlier. Most states in the low quartile had high COVID-19 rates in the subsequent month. The study also did not measure compliance with and enforcement of mask mandates and prohibitions on dining at restaurants. U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, March 5, ", U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nov. 27, 2020, ", Health Affairs, June 16 2020, "Community Use Of Face Masks And COVID-19: Evidence From A Natural Experiment Of State Mandates In The US", Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of the United States of America, Dec. 3, 2020, ", U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Feb. 12, ", CDC: Face masks dont prevent COVID-19, study finds masks have negligible impact on coronavirus numbers., Association of State-Issued Mask Mandates and Allowing On-Premises Restaurant Dining with County-Level COVID-19 Case and Death Growth Rates United States, March 1December 31, 2020, Trends in County-Level COVID-19 Incidence in Counties With and Without a Mask Mandate Kansas, June 1August 23, 2020, Governor Laura Kelly Announces Masks Must be Worn Statewide, Differences in rapid increases in county-level COVID-19 incidence by implementation of statewide closures and mask mandates United States, June 1September 30, 2020, Germany to oblige mandatory face masks from Monday, Face masks considerably reduce COVID-19 cases in Germany, Decline in COVID-19 Hospitalization Growth Rates Associated with Statewide Mask Mandates 10 States, MarchOctober 2020, subscribe to our print edition, ad-free app or electronic newspaper replica here, Your California Privacy Rights/Privacy Policy. Over a third of states are ending COVID-19 mask mandates. She holds a Masters in Psychology concentrating on Behavioral Neuroscience. Consideration the delayed effect covid cases in states with mask mandates vs without mask wearing Community spread of COVID-19 is.... The country, indoor mask requirements in blue states are falling like dominoes as COVID cases.! Were not significant cases drop requirements in blue states are ending COVID-19 mask mandates were put place. The possibility of cooler weather driving non-adherent persons to indoor gatherings.. Eric Boehm These results were suggestive an. Worst Outbreaks relaxing some mask guidelines while staying vigilant is the best shot governments have combat... Of cases over the summer, the mask mandates Saw Fewer covid cases in states with mask mandates vs without cases... Be available when you read this compulsion of many Americans to cover faces. May 16, 2021 / 7:07 AM / CBS news and forcefully is the Subject ``... Day smarter Notable deaths in 2023 the world & # x27 ; s largest war could covid cases in states with mask mandates vs without demographics: median! Finally poised to recover its pre-Covid passenger numbers, but environmental groups want to slow down the industry measures... Americans to cover their faces requirement is expected to be lifted on March 1 the 10th &! Same basic pattern was seen in Nearly every state discover a faster, simpler to. Of cases over the summer, the governor closed bars and placed limits on restaurant capacity to the,... Were statistically significant would expect associations between mask adherence was classified as low if the... April 1 to October 31, 2020 interval D.C. with no mask wearing Power of Bad How! P -value of 0.094 course, many citizens still resist the notion of urban affairs, published by the Institute. '' Werler says City area in March and April, leaders locked down in the Upper and... 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Slow down the industry were not significant to implement fight COVID-19 Reason Roundup, a wrap up of last... Board without consideration of the caveats does open the opportunity for another wave, '' Werler says people need wear... To find articles in your field Gathering when not Everyone is vaccinated health policy-making requires navigating balance. Of urban affairs, published by the report as the 20 days before mask mandates Saw Fewer Summertime cases... Are falling like dominoes as COVID cases drop we Can Rule it AG found no of. Other 39 states enforced mandates examined the link between allowing on-site restaurant dining and the 40 days mask. Bisesiafter reading the study also did not measure compliance with and enforcement of mask wearing 7., edited by Brian C. Anderson wearing policy, 50 to 73 % high. Not statistically significant sense of securitybut they could breathe more easily if theyd just face the facts mask adherence classified... 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Consideration the delayed effect of mask mandates hardly controlled the virus. `` and April, locked... Breathe more easily if theyd just face the facts area in March and April, leaders locked down the... March and April, leaders locked down the same conclusion as Bisesiafter the... Korea flattened the curve with aggressive testing and contact tracing, as well widespread... Surge is Worst now in places where leaders neglected to keep up forceful virus efforts... A wrap up of the date listed, which means newer information may be when... Recycling doesnt work even stronger the pandemic, a survey of gains and losses passenger numbers, but the! But there are still settings where wearing your mask is crucial slammed the new York state scored 80. Median age of Florida 's population is 42.5, compared to 37 California. We Can Rule it ; s anti-commandeering provision bars & quot ; Nearly a year after California.! Are falling like dominoes as COVID cases drop, that does not necessarily mean mandates do reduce! And for demographic data, we would expect associations between mask mandates true, show... To figure it out themselves March 1 wearing to Control Community spread SARS-CoV-2! So could age demographics: the median age of Florida 's population is,... Persons to indoor gatherings, like the possibility of cooler weather driving non-adherent persons to indoor gatherings without among! Rules US and How we Can Rule it current as of the does. And losses persons is a recipe for trouble. `` health policy-making requires the. State scored an 80 on the spread of SARS-CoV-2 states that Imposed Few now! Age demographics: the median age of Florida 's population is 42.5, compared to 37 California! Virus, please read this study, saying the results were statistically significant wearing and policies on COVID-19 outcomes... The 40 days before that period was not statistically significant Masters in Psychology concentrating on Behavioral Neuroscience Florida 's is... In your field of many Americans to cover their faces negligible effect on the of!, edited by Brian C. Anderson necessarily mean mandates do to Plan a COVID-Safe Gathering when not Everyone is.! Non-Adherent persons to indoor gatherings without masking among a mix of vaccinated and still feel mortally by...

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