application of microbial genetics in industries
Biotechnol. Paris 250, 17271729. DNA vaccines: protective immunizations by parenteral, mucosal, and gene-gun inoculations. Synth. -amylase: ( -1,4-D glucan-maltohydrolases) -amylases are usually of plant origin but some micro-organisms also produce. Stiffness xanthan hydrogels: synthesis, swelling characteristics and controlled release properties. Building on that ethos of providing industry leading solutions for temperature and climate control, the m360 team expanded on what is provided in our standard product and introduced future-proof features to further ensure Memmert device . Microbiol. A., and Heath, D. D. (2016). 4, 135176. Appl. Salman, T., Kamal, M., Ahmed, M., Siddiqa, S. M., Khan, R. A., and Hassan, A. Publication types Regulation of plants phosphate uptake in common mycorrhizal networks: role of intraradical fungal phosphate transporters. Homogeneity and heterogeneity in amylase production by Bacillus subtilis under different growth conditions. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128008, Chouari, R., Le, P. D., Daegelen, P., Ginestet, P., Weissenbach, J., and Sghir, A. doi: 10.1016/j.biocontrol.2015.12.001. Taken together, these mechanisms are known as gene silencing. Mmoire sur la fermentation alcoolique. Biopesticides: an effective and environmental friendly insect-pests inhibitor line of action. doi: 10.1146/annurev.ge.04.120170.001031, Svensson, A., Nicklasson, E., Harrah, T., Panilaitis, B., Kaplan, D. L., Brittberg, M., et al. doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2004.02.049, Tag, K., Riedel, K., Bauer, H. J., Hanke, G., Baronian, K. H. R., and Kunze, G. (2007). 37, 14411450. Microbiol. Gangadevi, V., and Muthumary, J. In the manufacture of such vaccines, all genes that are not essential for replication are first eliminated from the virus. (2014). Cellulose, most copious constituent of plant cell wall and a renewable resource, is of considerable economic importance due to its potential applications in production of . Recently, the term biobetter has been used to refer to next-generation therapeutic macromolecules, which have a more effective drug delivery system. 8, 9931002. Natl Acad. doi: 10.1590/S1676-24442012000400002, Brouillette, M., Dor, M., Hbert, C., Spooner, M.-F., Marchand, S., Ct, J., et al. Nat. doi: 10.1016/j.aca.2005.11.065, Lesage-Meessen, L., Lomascolo, A., Bonnin, E., Thibault, J.-F., Buleon, A., Roller, M., et al. Res. B. burgdorferi is not easily cultured in the laboratory, and the initial symptoms can be very mild and resemble those of many other diseases. Stress tolerance of bakers yeast during bread-making processes, in Stress Biology of Yeasts and Fungi, eds H. Takagi and H. Kitagaki (Tokyo: Springer), 2342. doi: 10.1017/S0003598X00094837, Valli, M., Sauer, M., Branduardi, P., Borth, N., Porro, D., and Mattanovich, D. (2006). Today 19, 590601. Biosci. 48, 5463. Effects of the biological nematicide, DiTera, on hatching of Globodera rostochiensis and G. pallida. Int. (2011). Microbes, or microscopic organisms, are widely used in large-scale industrial processes. Environ. Trop. In cytoplasmic incompatibility, fertilization of females not infected with Wolbachia by infected males results in embryonic mortality. Biocontrol. Adv. Research is currently underway to examine the feasibility of using proteomic approaches to diagnose various types of hepatitis, tuberculosis, and HIV infection, which are rather difficult to diagnose using currently available techniques.1, A recent and developing proteomic analysis relies on identifying proteins called biomarkers, whose expression is affected by the disease process. Food Eng. 19, 201223. Novel Vitamin D2 Yeast Preparation, a Method for Producing the Same, and the use thereof. (1973). In turn, the symbiotic interaction between plant species and endophytic, mycorrhizal, and/or diazotrophic microorganisms can help plant growth and development through N2 uptake, immobilized phosphate solubilization, siderophore production, competition with phytopathogenic species, etc. Natl. This acid and its derivatives are widely used in the food, pharmaceutical, leather, and textile industries. However, since 1978, recombinant DNA technology has been used to produce large-scale quantities of human insulin using E. coli in a relatively inexpensive process that yields a more consistently effective pharmaceutical product. (2004). Polygenic analysis and targeted improvement of the complex trait of high acetic acid tolerance in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biotechnol. 26, 100108. Biotechnol. Bueno, M. M., Thys, R. C. S., and Rodrigues, R. C. (2016). doi: 10.1016/j.bjm.2016.10.007, Kampmann, M., Boll, S., Kossuch, J., Bielecki, J., Uhl, S., Kleiner, B., et al. GMOs. F1000 Res. In the last decade, however, research related to the synthesis of microbial 1,3-PDO expanded considerably (Biebl et al., 1999) because this diol began to be used in the synthesis of biodegradable polymers and for obtaining solvents, films, adhesives, antifreezes, and polyesters. Viral recombinant vaccines to the E6 and E7 antigens of HPV-16. Currently, research efforts have focused on integrating the treatment of solid wastes or even wastewater with the use of microbial fuel cells (MFC), i.e., microbial cells that use electrons donated by low-value organic substrates, contained in the waste, to generate energy (Xu et al., 2016). HPV prophylactic vaccines and the potential prevention of noncervical cancers in both men and women. Biosens. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000833, Biebl, H., Menzel, K., Zeng, A.-P., and Deckwer, W.-D. (1999). The viral vectors used for this purpose are attenuated to the host and are therefore intrinsically safe. For environmental monitoring of cadmium, a biosensor in which cells express -galactosidase in the presence of this metal is also available (Shin, 2016). Emir. Bioeng. Curr. Alginate is a polysaccharide synthesized by several genera of brown algae and two genera of bacteria: Pseudomonas and Azotobacter (Hay et al., 2013; Maleki et al., 2016). Glucoamylase is one of the oldest and widely used biocatalysts in food industry. In general, these vaccines are effective stimulators of humoral immune responses, but in many cases, multiple doses are required for long-term immunity since they do not stimulate the production of immunoglobulin A (IgA) or cytotoxic T cell responses because the virus does not replicate. Life Sci. Samples were found in different archeological sites dating to 20001200 BC (Samuel, 1996). Research efforts have also been directed at improving the purification of drinking water. Acad. In recent years, much progress has been achieved in the development and commercialization of bionematicides (Wilson and Jackson, 2013). Technol. (2017). Water Res. Comp. Sens. Appl. Eng. Immunol. For example, the naturally occurring antibiotic synthesis pathways of various Streptomyces spp., long known for their antibiotic production capabilities, can be modified to improve yields or to create new antibiotics through the introduction of genes encoding additional enzymes. Although AD processes have been carried out for several decades, knowledge about the microbial consortia involved in this process is limited due to the lack of phylogenetic and metabolic data on these predominantly unculturable microorganisms (Wirth et al., 2012; Chojnacka et al., 2015). It is almost as old as the civilization itself, although it wasn't called "biotechnology" until the 20th century. Biotechnol. 151, 684691. Trichoderma: the genomics of opportunistic success. Insights into the phylogeny and coding potential of microbial dark matter. The HPV (human papilloma virus) vaccine is another example of a newly developed vaccine that has been widely used in many countries. Biol. A potential application of genetic engineering for dairy industry is in the generation of enhanced starter cultures for yoghurt and cheese manufacture. Microbiol. Microbial colors are in use in the fish industry already, for example to enhance the pink color of farmed salmon. However, these same viral types account for 8695% of cases of non-cervical cancer, i.e., anal, oropharynx, vulval, and vaginal cancers in women, as well as anal, oropharyngeal, and penile cancers in men (Gillison et al., 2008). 63, 28022813. doi: 10.1002/ps.2046. 47, 5163. doi: 10.5352/JLS.2016.26.5.503, Si, L., Xu, H., Zhou, X., Zhang, Z., Tian, Z., Wang, Y., et al. Drug Discov. Biol. Biotechnol. Srivastava, R. K., Ichhpujani, R. I., Khare, S., Rai, A., and Chauhan, L. S. (2011). Vaccin. doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2010.09.005, Suksong, W., Kongjan, P., Prasertsan, P., Imai, T., and O-Thong, S. (2016). Robinson, D., and Medlock, N. (2005). To prevent future infections, Kaylas physician advised her to use insect repellant and wear protective clothing during her outdoor adventures. Subsequently, the genes of the other virus are introduced. Biotechnol. doi: 10.1016/j.ibiod.2015.11.012, Andersen, T., Strand, B. L., Formo, K., Alsberg, E., and Christensen, B. E. (2012). Liposome-based adjuvants for subunit vaccines: formulation strategies for subunit antigens and immunostimulators. The physician collected samples of Kaylas blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and synovial fluid (from one of her swollen knees) and requested PCR analysis on all three samples. doi: 10.1002/jctb.1667, Pichichero, M. E. (2013). Polymerase chain reaction, in Encyclopedia of Immunotoxicology, ed. doi: 10.1016/S0956-5663(01)00125-7, Duke, S. O., Scheffler, B. E., Boyette, C. D., and Dayan, F. E. (2015). The metagenome of a biogas-producing microbial community of a production-scale biogas plant fermenter analysed by the 454-pyrosequencing technology. Rev. doi: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2003.09.005, Paris, M., Melodelima, C., Coissac, E., Tetreau, G., Reynaud, S., David, J.-P., et al. doi: 10.4155/fmc-2016-0091. doi: 10.1023/A:1005387016390, Rao, S. S., Gomez, P., Mascola, J. R., Dang, V., Krivulka, G. R., Yu, F., et al. (2016). Microb. 87, 410. Combined treatment of textile effluent using the sequence Phanerochaete chrysosporium-ozone. Comparison between the possibilities generated by Classical Microbiology and Technological Microbiology, where the incorporation of techniques has led to market novelties, as well as to the improvement of commonly used products and services. doi: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2005.10.016, Hassen, A., Belguith, K., Jedidi, N., Cherif, A., Cherif, M., and Boudabous, A. We welcome studies that apply recent advances in genetics, genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics and computational biology to provide insights into all aspects of . We must face the resurgence of diseases such as Zika and the appearance of superbugs as public health alerts, requiring emergency decision-making. Satish, K. R., Kanmani, P., Yuvaraj, N., Paari, K. A., Pattukumar, V., and Arul, V. (2013). Leptospirillum ferrooxidans basead Fe 2+ sensor. J. Genet. Bioprocess Eng. Eng. Hum. J. Microbiol. Fungal chitosan production and its characterization. Chitosan can be easily recovered from the cell wall of fungi such as A. niger, Rhizopus oryzae, Cunninghamella elegans, and Mucor indicus, among others (Pochanavanich and Suntornsuk, 2002; Franco et al., 2004; Ruholahi et al., 2016; Abdel-Gawad et al., 2017). (2016). doi: 10.1081/AL-200065793, Reed, S. G., Bertholet, S., Coler, R. N., and Friede, M. (2009). Accessibility StatementFor more information contact us atinfo@libretexts.orgor check out our status page at https://status.libretexts.org. These biopolymers are accumulated intracellularly by bacteria as a carbon and/or energy reserve under the limitation of a nutrient essential for their growth, such as nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, or oxygen (Philip et al., 2007). Anal. The development of that technique, as well as the enhancement of molecular cloning techniques using plasmids as vectors, expanded the possibilities of microorganism manipulation (Simon and Chopin, 1988; Olsen, 2016) and the large-scale production of microbial products, including those from modified microorganisms. Extremophiles and biotechnology: current uses and prospects. doi: 10.4161/hv.26109, Pifferi, C., Berthet, N., and Renaudet, O. Re-evaluation of the life-cycle of the nematode-parasitic bacterium Pasteuria penetrans in root-knot nematodes. The RNAs are then bound to RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), a ribonucleoprotein. Recombinant (gene) vaccines are prepared from viruses engineered to carry genes encoding antigens from other disease-causing viruses for expression in the host after inoculation. (2016). Ferrer-Miralles, N., Domingo-Espn, J., Corchero, J. L., Vzquez, E., and Villaverde, A. Caterpillars and eggs of pests such as Spodoptera frugiperda can also be infected by baculovirus, thus reducing the agricultural losses caused by this caterpillar, especially in corn. Med. Expert Rev. Biochimie 70, 559566. Firstly, it's safe, fast, reproducible and accurate. Moreover, there is a great variety of applications for both isoforms of PGA, many of which have not been discovered until recently. doi: 10.1039/9781849732765-00227, Anupama, and Ravindra, P. (2000). In the future, biotechnological advances will likely reverse this situation and improve the performance of bioherbicides. doi: 10.1007/s002530051523, Bobbala, S., and Hook, S. (2016). Quim. doi: 10.1016/S0045-6535(98)00140-4, Turley, A. P., Moreira, L. A., ONeill, S., and McGraw, E. A. doi: 10.1007/978-4-431-55248-2-2, Tatsumi, K., Wada, S., and Ichikawa, H. (1996). This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). Improvement of lactic acid production in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by cell sorting for high intracellular pH. Optimization and microbial community analysis for production of biogas from solid waste residues of palm oil mill industry by solid-state anaerobic digestion. RNA interference technology involves using small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) or microRNAs (miRNAs) (Figure \(\PageIndex{3}\)). 1, 1015. Sci. Microbes live in familiar settings such as soil, water, food, and animal intestines, as well as in more extreme settings such as rocks, glaciers, hot springs, and deep-sea vents. 30, 2332. for Online Measurement of p-Nitrophenol. Since then, the improvement of new heterologous protein production systems via E. coli enabled the commercial approval of several other products, including hormones (calcitonin, parathyroid hormone, human growth hormone, glucagon, and somatropin), interferons, and interleukins (Ferrer-Miralles et al., 2009). On the other hand, all the annual world production of lactic acid also comes from the fermentation performed by microorganisms. Significantly, most of the microbial EPS are nontoxic, biodegradable, environment friendly, and retain activity at extreme temperature, pH, and salinity.Extensive interest has awakened for identification and isolation of new EPS molecules with industrial applications as emulsifying, gelling, and stabilizing agents using the tools of genetic engineering or protein engineering techniques. J. 334, 229236. Aff. Ecology 97, 28152823. Toxicity evaluation of e-juice and its soluble aerosols generated by electronic cigarettes using recombinant bioluminescent bacteria responsive to specific cellular damages. The focus on microorganisms as an alternative in the production of biosensors is mainly due to the ability to produce them massively through cell culture (Su et al., 2011). Rev. How is genomics different from traditional genetics? The history of the use of biotechnological techniques by humanity is confounded by the history of the establishment of microbiology as a science. doi: 10.1046/j.1472-765X.2002.01118.x, Popham, H. J. R., Nusawardani, T., and Bonning, B. C. (2016). Catal. On the other hand, Puccinia canaliculata can control yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus L) by completely inhibiting flowering and reducing tuber formation (Duke et al., 2015). Macromol. Is there an optimal formulation and delivery strategy for subunit vaccines? doi: 10.1385/ABAB:102-103:1-6:141, Li, P., Li, T., Zeng, Y., Li, X., Jiang, X., Wang, Y., et al. Technol. (2011). doi: 10.1016/S0734-9750(00)00045-8, Appels, L., Baevens, J., Degrve, J., and Dewil, R. (2008). Cinc. doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2015.10.041, Ikram-ul, H., Ali, S., Qadeer, M. A., and Iqbal, J. As an example, the thermal cycler in Figure 8.1 is used to perform a diagnostic technique called the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), which relies on DNA polymerase enzymes from thermophilic bacteria. A. niger and Rhizomucor miehei strains have been found to be very promising for the production of extracellular lipases, which facilitate enzyme recovery (Rodrigues and Fernandez-Lafuente, 2010; Messias et al., 2011). Chien, A., Edgar, D. B., and Trela, J. M. (1976). The most used yeasts for obtaining SCPs are Saccharomyces, Candida, and Rhodotorula. These are just a few of the numerous applications of microbial genetics that we will explore in this chapter. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2003.10.018, Ismail, A.-M., Abo-Elmagd, H., and Housseiny, M. M. (2016). Environ. Biotechnology is the use of biological organisms in technological processes. J. Agric. 102, 141153. This acid is one of the main inhibitors of lignocellulose hydrolysates. We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. Plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria. New microorganisms still need to be evaluated for efficiency, more precise methods for immobilizing microbial cells still need to be developed, and the induction techniques need to be continuously evaluated because they may vary in terms of their efficiency depending on the analyte. A., van Dijken, J. P., et al. Gene transfer and movement 4. J. Trop. Sequencing the entire microbial genome is important for construction of accurate reference genomes, microbial identification, and other comparative genomic studies . doi: 10.1007/s00289-008-0987-6, Belda, I., Ruiz, J., Navascus, E., Marquina, D., and Santos, A. LWT Food Sci. Prokaryotic production systems are required whenever the recombinant proteins are smaller or do not require post-translational modifications (PTMs), such as glycosylation, phosphorylation, or proteolytic cleavage. How Bacillus thuringiensis has evolved specific toxins to colonize the insect world. Appl. In attenuated vaccines, the pathogens (virus or bacteria) are alive and induce immune reactions similar to those resulting from a real infection (Plotkin et al., 2008). Biosimilar, Biobetter and next generation therapeutic antibodies. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3043-2_19, Prasad, J., Gill, H., Smart, J., and Gopal, P. K. (2000). israelensis. Microbiol. Mycorrhizal Symbiosis, 3rd Edn. Genetic system constructed to overproduce and secrete proinsulin in Bacillus subtilis. AIMS Microbiol. doi: 10.1080/1065657X.2002.10702075, Tofalo, R., Perpetuini, G., Di Gianvito, P., Arfelli, G., Schirone, M., Corsetti, A., et al. Sci. J. Membr. Proteomics may be used to study which proteins are expressed under various conditions within a single cell type or to compare protein expression patterns between different organisms. The flow chart of the enzyme production from microorganisms is shown in Fig. 36, 11711177. Biogas is a combination of methane, CO2, nitrogen, H2S, and traces of other gasses produced by anaerobic digestion (AD) (Appels et al., 2008). The discovery of biological enantioselectivity: louis Pasteur and the fermentation of tartaric acid, 1857-A review and analysis 150 yr later. Utilisation of sugar beet bagasse for the biosynthesis of yeast SCP. (2008). f. sp. 33, 20782097. Metabolic engineering of acetoin and meso-2,3-butanediol biosynthesis in E. coli. Seed coating with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi as an ecotechnological approach for sustainable agricultural production of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). (2016). Immobilization and enhanced catalytic activity of lipase on modified MWCNT for oily wastewater treatment. 5, 399409. doi: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2007.01.018, McGovern, P. E., Glusker, D. L., and Exner, L. J. These antigens are purified from microorganisms, produced by recombinant DNA techniques, or chemically synthesized. Factors affecting the fermentative lactic acid production from renewable resources. A., Kenerley, C. M., Monet, E., et al. doi: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2005.01.021, Druzhinina, I. S., Seidl-Seiboth, V., Herrera-Estrella, A., Horwitz, B. U.S.A. 101, 1759317598. Recombinant pharmaceuticals from microbial cells: a 2015 update. Subunit vaccines use antigens, proteins, peptides or nucleic acids identified as immunogenic that can be rapidly manufactured in response to new outbreaks (Nabel, 2013). Bioinformatics is a discipline developed on the basis of biology, mathematics and computer science. Science, government and the mass production of penicillin. The HGH gene was cloned from a cDNA library and inserted into E. coli cells by cloning it into a bacterial vector. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2008.12.046, Howell, C. R. (2003). J. Mol. Actuators B. Legal. Among these are fields that study aspects of whole genomes, collectively referred to as whole-genome methods. J. Pediatr. This bacterium synthesizes protein crystals that, when consumed by Aedes larvae, solubilize in the mosquitos intestine and are transformed into efficient toxins that damage the intestinal wall, allowing the attack of pathogenic bacteria that cause the death of the larva. (1996). doi: 10.1016/S0960-8524(02)00007-X. (2016). Balc. (2016). Immunother. doi: 10.3126/ijasbt.v4i2.15103, Abdel-Gawad, K. M., Hifney, A. F., Fawzy, M. A., and Gomaa, M. (2017). FIGURE 4. Biotechnol. Saerens, S., and Swiegers, J. H. (2016). : 10.1046/j.1472-765X.2002.01118.x, Popham, H., and 1413739 the fermentation performed by microorganisms mechanisms. World production of penicillin taken together, these mechanisms are known as silencing. Microorganisms, produced by recombinant dna techniques, or chemically synthesized in recent years, application of microbial genetics in industries... By cell sorting for high intracellular pH diseases such as Zika and the production..., L. 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